Book Response Burned by Ellen Hopkins Essay Example for Free

Book Response burned by Ellen Hopkins EssayBurned written by Ellen Hopkins Is a great fiction, and worth the time to read. Burned is ab egress a teen girl who was born and raised a Mormon Pattyn Von Stratten she is like most teenagers developing up. Her family is extremely religious but in the same prospective her father is a drunk and very abusive. Pattyn is tired of living the fairytale of a Mormon lifestyle and ready to be energized with her ingest free spirit and way of life. Pattyn slowly starts to rebel against her family, school, church. While her father spends most of his time drunk its left up to her mother to take do of the house hold and make sure everything is all in perfect running order to not upset Pattyns father. Pattyn begins rebelling even more so than she thought it would go. She gets suspended from school and gets sent to live with her aunt who she doesnt even know. This is the beginning of it all the worst mistake her father could ca-ca do and where P attyn makes decisions that are near to change her life completely. Pattyn soon falls in delight with a boy names Ethan who she is bound to be attached to.Pattyn doesnt see it but she is headed down the complete wrong path and when all she wanted is wariness shes going to get much more attention that she has intended to get. Ellen Hopkins is showing the themes of abuse and dysfunctional relationship, Pattyns father is an abusive drunk. I also think Hopkins is showing the theme of growing up and conclusion your destiny and who you are, when Pattyn is sent to live with her aunt in Nevada and basically create a whole new agenda for herself. Along with dysfunctional relationship, shes displaying what love is like, too, when the character falls in love. I think shes trying to prove that life doesnt always go as planned and you have to work yourself around the problems that you find in life, and bad decision could change your life forever. I believe the main purpose of the novel is to reach out to teens. Ellen Hopkins expresses many different themes in her novel but one main theme I believe is important is physiological.Pattyn goes through many different stages of growing up and expressing her true self. She becomes more social with guys and becomes more of a social butterfly then the Mormon nerd she used to be. Pattyn lashes out and rebels against her family and church in many different ways. When Pattyn is set to live with her aunt she meets a boy and which she ends up in a relationship. Pattyn starts growing up and learning more about her sexual self and starts dreaming about all the what ifs. Pattyn starts to experiment with her new boyfriend Ethan and when she goes back home she shares the secret to her family that she is pregnant. Attempting to escape her fathers wrath, Pattyn and Ethan take off for California, unmindful(predicate) that Trevor, a perfect Mormon child who loved Pattyn, has written down the cars license plate number. When her father finds ou t, he calls his Highway patrolman friend to baseball swing them down, to find them on an icy road.Ethan speeds up in attempt to lose the patrolman, but loses control of his car and crashes. Pattyn wakes up in the hospital, to find out that both(prenominal) Ethan and their baby are dead. Her father disowns her, unable to bear the recent events. Pattyn is left with a life changing decision in the end shoot and shoot all those who caused her pain and Ethan and their babys deaths, or move on? Pattyn states that if her father would just say he loved her she would spare him. Ellen Hopkins is an amazing author and has a unbelievable way of relating to teens. Burned is just one of her fabulous novels all having a great meaning to the lives of teens. If I was asked if I would recommend Ellen Hopkins novels I would say she has a great way of reach out to teens in her books and educating them in a non-boring way and I enjoy reading and looking forward to any novel she creates.

How effectively does Shakespeare use scene 1 Essay Example for Free

How effectively does Shakespeargon use scene 1 EssayA pair of star-crossed making lovers take their life this immediately tells the hearing the tragic fate of the lovers mentioned in the first 6 blood tonal patterns of the prologue. Warning the earreach of the sorrow and heartbreak that the play will lead to. Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet is based on the hatred amid both families, the Montagues and The Capulets and how their anger and making love towards each different lead to the death of a beloved child from each family. Shakespeare uses serve 1, scene1 to introduce m any of the primary(prenominal) sources that appear end-to-end the play, these main themes are Disorder, fate, light and Darkness, love and passion.Using this prologue Shakespeare is able to tell the audience the entire story line without them even watching the play. The line of the prologue beginning A pair of star-crossed lover. tells the audience straight a elan of the fate of the two characters in volved. This set the scene for an inevitable ending whilst warning the audience what to expect, this is besides back up throughout the play because as soon as one good thing beings disasters follows closely behind.Using prologues at the beginning of his plays, Shakespeare was able to capture and draft the audiences attention and quieten them down before any of the main characters are introduced. The takes place in the stool of a sonnet, this would seduce contained the classic characteristics of love poetry, this would have been a very successful way to introduce the play because not only(prenominal) would it have captured the audiences attention and quietened them down, but Shakespeare would have used this prologue to give the audience vital information that they would have needed to understand the rest of the play.Shakespeare would have also been able to give the audience some idea of what to expect throughout the rest of the play. This was very effective as it used tight rhyt hm and rhyme designed to draw the audience in. The prologue at the beginning of Romeo and Juliet beings Two House-holds, both alike in dignity, in fair Verona (where we lay our scene) and continues Whose misadventured piteous overthrows, Do with their death bury their parents strife so in these two short lines Shakespeare has told his audience who the characters are going to be and where the play is set.Romeo and Juliet is set in Verona, Italy. Shakespeare chose this location because in the 16th century, Italy was regarded as a beautiful country, known for it wealth and romance, victimisation these images and scene he had created in his head Shakespeare thought Verona would be the perfect place for extravagant lovers Verona was one of the 4 most important states in Italy. distributively of these states has its own prescript these rulers would have been very competitive, trying to gain superiority over others. Shakespeare used this key theme in the play Romeo and Juliet in the f orm of the Prince.The Prince would have ruled the state and o composeen tout ensemble activities that take place, this would include quarrelling and feuding between any families that live in the state. Shakespeare picked this up in his variance of Romeo and Juliet making the Prince the ruler and the Montagues and the Capulets the two feuding families. Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet was not a piece of William Shakespeares direct work he had based all the ideas and storylines on a book he had read by Arthur Brooke, entitled The Tragic History and Romeus and Juliet written in 1562.The History of this finical story goes back even further, to a Greek author names Xenophon. Whilst re-writing this particular storyline Shakespeare decided he was writing the play for different reasons to the ones Brook had used. Arthur Brook wrote the poem to warn young people of the dangers of physical attraction Shakespeare wrote his version because he was more interested in considering the validity of true love. Although Shakespeare had copied the story from two other people he had changed it and added pieces to make it his own.For example, Marcutio, Benvolio and the nurse were not have in Xenophon version or Arthur Brooks version. Shakespeare had to do this because his audience would have known the original storyline and may have thought of Shakespeare as a fake, audiences in this conviction period would not have held back if they did not like the play they were being shown they would leave and cause havoc in the theatre. not only did Shakespeare add characters, he added little parts of scenes to give the play more of an impact and reinforce the storyline.For example he added a street manage, internal scenes of food preparation, an incident with the musicians, Tybalts challenge to Romeo and the killing of Paris in Act5 scene 3. Act 1, Scene 1 opens with Capulet servants, Sampson and Gregory talking aggressively and violently in a busy market place looking for trouble, and th erefore women being the weaker vessels are ever bedevil to the wall, therefore I will push Montagues men from the wall, and thrust his maids to the wall. The two servants them speak of the hatred and bitterness between to two families whilst discussing violent and crude images.This section also re reachs the high-lightered issue of violence, which occurs in different sections of the play. Not only is this section crude and vulgar, it shows how violent these men maybe towards women and man. Its not considerable before a servant from the Montague family enters the scene, an argument sparks and the two sides are soon cheering at each other. This shows the audience of the loyalty that the servants have towards their households. When the argument/ fight continue the audience are shown that everyone is willing to put their life on the line for the sake of their family name.This is also observed ulterior on in the play when Romeo and Juliet realise for the first time they are from 2 dif ferent, arguing families. This argument prepares the audience for other quarrels and brawls further on in the play. What, drawn and talk peace? I hate the word, As I hate hell, all Montagues, and thee. Have at thee, coward this particular dialogue spoken by Tybalt not only reflects the aggressiveness of his personality but tell the audience of the hate and bitterness between the two families.Shortly following these events Benvolio enters, Part, fools Put up you swords, you know not what you do this shows the audience the peacekeeper in the play, the man that attempts to separate the two families and stop the brewing fight/argument. When this does not work Lord and Lady Capulet enter, followed by Lord and Lady Montague. Both the Capulet and Montague Lords want to join in the fight but are halt by their wives, who tell them that they are too old. As the wives hold the pair back the Prince enters with his men.The Prince is seen as the figure of authority in the play the person who co ntrols all problems and is seen as someone who is capable of sorting out any feuding and arguments. He uses this power in a long speech where he talks of medieval quarrels between the Montagues and the Capulets and how it cannot continue. He does this to tell his audience that these arguments are not a one off thing and happen regularly disrupting the people of Verona. The two families earn the figure of authority and part, this shows the audience that the Prince is superior to all other characters.The Prince continues, If ever you disturb our streets again, your lives shall pay the forfeit of the peace this is the only time that the Prince is seen as a threatening figure in the play, warning all members of the Capulet and the Montague household that if ever a fight breaks out again someone will pay the set with their life. The Princes language in this section is firm but at the same time, Shakespeare makes sure his audience wont view him as a threat to any of the other characte rs although he is.The Prince speaks in blank verse, to show he is superior and powerful and emphasises his intelligence. All the characters understand the Princes speech, but Romeo goes on the break the rule and is later banished from Verona although Romeo himself is not present when the fighting breaks out. This separates him from the rest of the characters making him seem detached from the families feuding and willing to carry on with his life without starting trouble every time he sees a member of the Capulet household.The scene continues, the Montagues leave with the Prince and the Capulets are instructed to return to their homes, Montague, Lady Montague and Benvolio are left in the market place, here a communion takes place about Romeo and how he seems withdrawn from all goings on. Benvolio is asked to investigate into why Romeo is behaving like this and the rest of the Montagues leave. This is the first time the audience are introduced to Romeo when he begins his conversation with Benvolio. This is where the themes of love and passion are brought into the play. With Cupids arrow, she hath Dians wit And in strong proof of chastity well armed, From Loves weak childish bow she lives uncharmed Romeo is speaking in verse to tell the audience about his love for Rosaline but Benvolio is not convinced that Romeo is actually in love, Romeo complains because the woman he claims to love will not bond nor love him back. Benvolio tells Romeo that other women will come along and he should try hard to forget about her, Romeo listens to this although really he is not convinced. Romeo uses and elaborate way of speaking Why then, O brawling love, O loving hate, O any thing of nothing first create but this indicates to the audience his emotions are artificial, not coming from the heart. The audience would now know that Romeo is truly infatuated with Rosalind and that it was not just a fling or something he wasnt taking seriously. Throughout Romeos long speech to Benvoli o he uses many oxymorons to emphasise what he thinks he is feeling. Loving hate and cold fire are perfect examples of when Romeo confuses himself with the overwhelming emotions he claims to have. The line love sickness, indicates to the audience that Romeo is almost infected with love for Rosaline and this may not be such a good thing.This would be showing the audience that love can to do terrible things to normal people, confusing the mind and turning and normal life chaotic. The light and Dark imagery is shown in the speech between Benvolio and Romeo but this is not mentioned until the audience is introduced to Juliet, Juliet is seen to be the light and Rosaline is seen to be the darkness that fills and confuses Romeos heart. This is where Shakespeare cleverly uses imagery to represent the two female characters in Romeos point of view.The other themes are move throughout the play, from when Romeo and Juliet meet to when the both die together in the chapel of rest, where Juliets b ody has been placed. The theme of love however is resisted in Act 1 scene 5, when Romeo and Juliet fall in love and know they shouldnt. The idea of courtly love is present through most of this scene, although Romeo and Juliet are not experiences this, the theme and ides is the same. The idea of courtly love originally came from a European tradition from the middle ages but still known in Elizabethan times.This was basically a set of rules/ expectations of people who fall in love. These rules stated a number of things this included her coldness inflames the passion. He is consumed with melancholy and makes up verses about love this is present in Romeo and Juliet towards the end when Romeo is desperate to see Juliet and in his last hours makes up several verses to calm himself and prepare himself to meet his wife, Juliet in heaven. The idea of marriage also originated in Europe and is also present in the play, this theme is only mentioned by Capulet once, when he is talking to Paris a bout his arranged marriage to Juliet.Juliet was rejoiced and honoured to have been asked to marry Paris until she meet Romeo, this is when she began to resent the arranged marriage. Capulet tells Paris the way to win his daughters heart, the themes of love and passion, light and dark and violence are continued throughout. Shakespeare very cleverly uses Act 1 Scene 1 to introduce these theme either through the prologue, what the first characters say or the actions and imagery that are used. Shakespeare was able to take all of this into account and still produce his own version of Brooks poem The Tragic History and Romeus and Juliet.

SNPs of ABCG2 in Chinese Advanced NSCLC Patients

SNPs of ABCG2 in Chinese Advanced NSCLC PatientsIntroductionLung mountaincer is one of the intimately prevalent and fatal malignant neoplasm all over the world and non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for 80%85% of all lung cancers(1). The majority of NSCLC patients, approximately 80%, presents in locally go (phase IIIA/B) or metastatic (phase IV) stages, which results in quite depleted 5-year choice rates, 8-14.1% for phase IIIA and 1-5% for phase IIIAB/IV (2). The standard treatment of advanced NSCLC, two-drug chem an another(prenominal)(prenominal)apy plant on platinum, has reached a bottleneck with limited effect. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), a targeted drug of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), have been recently introduced for the treatment of NSCLC. Clinical trials indicated that Gefitinib and Erlotinib treating advanced NSCLC patients with EGFR mutation could result a remission rate of 62.1%84.6% and progression-free survival (PFS) of 8.413.1 months, which ar fundamentally higher than that in chemotherapy group (32.2%47.3% and 4.66.7 months, respectively), but not over survival(3-6). In order to implement accurate treatment of both chemotherapy and targeted therapy, its urgent to find other predictive targets of NSCLC patients to stratify for treatment. ATP binding cassette superfamily G sh be 2 (ABCG2), also known as breast cancer granting immunity protein, was demonstrated to be associated with the effect and prognosis of chemotherapy/targeted therapy in NSCLC (7-9). Because the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of ABCG2 are supposed to affect the expression of ABCG2 protein and SNPs of ABCG2 in Asian population are different from other ethnicities (10), we conducted this sight to evaluate the SNPs of ABCG2 in Chinese advanced NSCLC patients and its standstill with their prognosis of TKI therapy.Materials and methodsPatients and treatmentA total of degree centigrade patients with pathology and cytology confirmed a dvanced or metastatic NSCLC were enrolled into this study between April 2012 and January 2014 in Hangzhou, China. The mutation of EGFR element was taxable in 32 patients. Other patients were not assessed EGFR mutation. TKI targeted therapy was implemented in 70 NSCLC patients and other therapy was implemented in the other 30 patients. Patients with TKI targeted therapy were set with Gefitnid (Astrazeneca pharmaceutical co., LTD) at a dose of 250 mg/day or Erlotinib (Roche pharmaceuticals co., LTD) at a dose of 150 mg/day or Icotinib (Zhejiang beida pharmaceutical co., LTD) at a dose of 375 mg/day. The patients characteristics were detailed in Table 1. All patients received chest CT every two months after 1 month of therapy.The efficiency of TKI therapy was clarified as complete response (CR), partial response (PR), stable disease (SD) and progression disease (PD) according to RECIST 1.1 1. Patients with CR or PR at more than 6 months were con emplacementred as responders. Patien ts with SD and PD at less than 6 months were considered as nonresponders.A1Progression-free survival (PFS) was defined as the duration from TKI therapy to disease progression. Overall survival (OS) was defined as the duration from diagnosis to death from any cause.All patients agreed to participate in this study and signed written informed consent. This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Nanjing Medical University and performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and Good Clinical Practice guidelinesA2. deoxyribonucleic acid bloodBlood samples were collected before chemotherapy and kept in a microcentrifuge tubes containing ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid (EDTA). Genomic DNA was extracted using a DNA purification kit (Flexi Gene DNA Kit, Qiagen, Hilden, Germany). The concentration of genomic DNA was determined with NanoDrop 1000 (Thermo Scientific, Wilmington, USA) and then it was diluted to a standard of 25 ng/l.Analysis of ABCG2 polymorphismsThe ABCG2 34 G/A (dbSNP ID rs2231137), 421 C/A (dbSNP ID rs 2231142), 1143 C/T (dbSNP ID rs2622604) and -15622 C/T (dbSNP ID rs7699188) polymorphisms were amplified by PCR with the appropriate primers. The primers for PCR and single base extension (Table 2) were designed by the Sequenom Assay Designer 3.1 bundle (San Diego, CA). The PCR reactionsA3 were performed at 95C for 2 min, followed by 40 cycles at 95C for 30 s, Tm for 30 s, and 72C for 60 s. After PCR amplification, single base extension reaction was performed following the method of Wiltshire et al 2.Finally, polymorphisms of ABCG2 gene were tested and analyzed using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization timeof-flight jackpot spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and Sequenom MassARRAY system (Sequenom, San Diego, CA, USA).Statistical analysisAllele frequencies of SNPs were calculated and their genotype distributions were assessed using Fishers exact test or chi-square test.PFS and OS were evaluated with censor survival time me thods and 95% confidence intervals (CI) was obtained from multivariable logistic regression. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were plotted for OS and analyzed with log-rank test.All tests were performed 2-sided and a p-value were carried out using SPSS 18.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) software.ResultsABCG2 gene polymorphismsThe genotyping of ABCG2 34 G/A, 421 C/A, 1143 C/T and -15622 C/T were performed in all these 100 patients. For the ABCG2 34 G/A polymorphism, the frequencies of GG, GA and AA genotypes were 36%, 50% and 14%, respectively. The allele frequencies of G and A were 61% and 39%, respectively. The wide-type ABCG2 421 C/A genotype (CC) had a frequency of 53%, while the CA and AA genotypes were build in 43% and 4% of the patients, respectively. The allele frequencies of G and A were 74.5% and 25.5%, respectively. The frequencies of CC, CT and TT genotypes for ABCG2 1143 C/T were 66%, 29% and 5%, respectively. The allele frequencies of G and A were 80.5% and 19.5%, respecti vely. Regarding the ABCG2 -15622 C/T polymorphism, the TT genotype was discover in all patients. Therefore, polymorphism of ABCG2 -15622 C/T was not investigated in the following steps.Polymorphisms of ABCG2 and clinical characteristicsPatients clinical characteristics were shown in Table 1, and the relationship between polymorphisms of ABCG2 and clinical characteristics were presented in Table 3. No significant correlations were found between ABCG2 polymorphisms (34 G/A, 421 C/A and 1143 C/T) and patients characteristics, including gender, age, smoking history, histology and EGFR mutation (p 0.05). Although there was no significant relationship between ABCG2 421 C/A polymorphism and EGFR mutation, a trend that CA genotype was observed betrayly in EGFR mutation positive patients (47.6% in positive patients vs. 18.2% in negative patients, p = 0.119). Then we calculated the allele frequency of A in these patients and a high frequency of allele A in positive patients (33.3% vs. 9.1 %, p = 0.038) was observed.Polymorphisms of ABCG2 and clinical outcome of TKIThe sensitivity of 70 patients to TKI treatment was shown in Table 4. NO significant correlation was found between ABCG2 polymorphisms (34 G/A, 421 C/A and 1143 C/T) and sensitivity (p 0.05).As shown in Table 4, median(prenominal) PFS for carriers of the A-allele and GG genotype at fructify 34 of the ABCG2 gene who were treated with TKI therapy was 8.0 months (95% CI 5.9-10.1, n = 45) and 6.5 months (95% CI 4.1-8.9, n = 25), respectively. There was no significant difference in median PFS of NSCLC patients receiving TKI therapy between CC genotype and CA + AA genotype at position 421 of ABCG2 gene (p 0.05). Median PFS of patients with CC genotype at position 1143 of ABCG2 gene was higher than those with CT and TT genotypes, but no significant difference was found (p 0.05).The median OS of patients with ABCG2 34 G/A, 421 C/A, 1143 C/T polymorphisms was shown in Table 4. The median OS of patients with GG genotype at position 34 of the ABCG2 gene was 18 months (95% CI 14.9-21.1, n = 25) and for those with other genotypes (GA and AA) was 31 months (95% CI 22.9-39.1, n = 45). Figure 1 showed the Kaplan-Meier curve for OS for NSCLC patients receiving TKI therapy in relation to ABCG2 genotypes at 34 G/A (Figure 1A), 421 C/A (Figure 1B) and 1143 C/T (Figure 1C). There was significant difference between patients with GG genotype and those with GA + AA genotypes at position 34 of the ABCG2 gene (p difference between patients that were CC genotype regarding the position 421 of ABCG2 gene and carriers with other genotypes (CA + AA, p 0.05). No significant difference was found in 1143 C/T polymorphism (p 0.05).DiscussionOur present study observed that three polymorphisms of ABCG2, 34GA, 421CA and 1143CT occured more frequently compared with -15622CT in Chinese advanced NSCLC patients. As for -15622CT, all patients presented a TT genotype. Although no relationships were observed between diffe rent genotypes of ABCG2 polymorphisms and EGFR status, a higher frequency of allele A (421CA) in EGFR mutation positive patients was observed. The other polymorphisms were not link to clinical characteristics. The sensitivity and PFS to TKI of 70 patients was not related to polymorphisms. However, the OS of patients with 34GA mutant type (GA+AA) was importantly longer than those with wild type (GG).The ABCG2 protein is an important member of the ABC transporter superfamily, which has been suggested to be involved in multi-drug resistance (MDR) in cancer. Screening for SNPs in ethnically diverse subjects has identified more than 80 synonymous and nonsynonymous SNPs in the ABCG2 gene to date (12). The two most frequent polymorphisms identified were 34GA (resulting in V12M) and 421CA (resulting in a Q141K substitution) transitions (13). A novel diplotype of two polymorphic loci in the ABCG2 promoter involving -15622CT and 1143CT were identified recently (14). Introduction of other ABC G2 SNPs can be found in a recent review (15). Despite the similar allele frequency of 421CA variant among East Asian populations including Chinese (34.235.0%) and Japanese (26.635.0%), the allele frequency is higher than that of southeastward Asians (15.0%), Middle Easterns (13.0%), Caucasians (8.712.0%) and African-Americans (2.3%) (10). Similarly, the allele frequency of the 34GA variant in Chinese (20.0%), Koreans (19.8%) and Japanese (15.0-19.0%) is comparable. However, it is much lower than that in Southeast Asians (45%) and higher than other ethnic groups including Caucasian (1.710.3%), African-American (6.3%) and Middle Eastern (5.0%) populations (10). The allele frequency of 421CA variant in our studied population was 25.5%, which was comparable to other Asian populations. However, the allele frequency of 34GA variant was 39.0%, which was higher than other reports from Asian populations. We found that the allele frequency of 1143CT variant and -15622CT variant in our study was 19.5% and 100%, respectively. In Caucasians, it was reported to be 22% and 28%, respectively (16). We unexpectedly observed that all the included patients presented TT genotype of -15622CT. As far as we known, this gene has not been investigated in other Asian populations. Future studies could be conducted to determine the polymorphism of -15622CT in Asian population and its potential impact.Physiologically, ABCG2 protein is highly explicit in the blood-brain barrier and gastrointestinal tract, where it is thought to play a role in protection against xenobiotic exposure. High ABCG2 expression has also been found in a variety of tumors and correlated with multidrug resistance and poorer clinical outcomes, as this transporter has the ability to extrude its drug substrates out of the cells, thereby decreasing their intracellular accumulation (17, 18)16. primitive structural variations of ABCG2 are associated with its drug-transporter function (15). Therefore, SNPs in the ABCG2 ge ne would influence the pharmacological effects differently in different patients. It has been demonstrated that 421CA polymorphisms may express low amounts of ABCG2 (19-22) while the influence of 34GA polymorphisms on ABCG2 expression remains controversial (22, 23). And regarding to 1143CT and -15622CT, some researchers found a decreased protein expression related to these two polymorphisms (21) and others found no relation between them (24). Moreover, 421CA polymorphism has been demonstrated to be associated with ATPase activity and drug transport (18).Thus, several clinical studies have investigated the relation between ABCG2 polymorphism and clinical outcome of NSCLC. Mller and colleagues (25) found that carriers of the ABCG2 421 A-allele treated with platinum-based drugs showed a significantly worse OS in all lung cancer patients. However, this effect was not statistically significant in the smaller subgroups of SCLC patients or NSCLC patients with platinum-based treatment. They did not found an association between 34GA polymorphism and prognosis. Another study of 129 unresectable NSCLC cases treated with first-line platinum-based chemotherapy suggested that ABCG2 SNPs rs2725264 and rs4148149 were associated with OS (26). On the other side, there was also evidence showing that ABCG2 polymorphisms were not related to response or prognosis of NSCLC patients treated with gefitinib (24), erlotinib (27) and gemcitabine and/or platinum-based drugs and/or other drugs (28). In our present study, we found the OS of patients with 34GA mutant type (GA+AA) was significantly longer than those with wild type (GG). However, we did not observe significant differences venerationing other polymorphisms including 421CA, which was found to be associated with prognosis of other cancer by other study (29). Interestingly, it was reported that ABCG2 34 GA/AA genotypes were associated with poor prognosis of Chinese patients with acute leukaemia (30). Polymorphisms of 34GA seems t o have an opposite impact in different types of cancer. The mechanisms are worthy to be investigated in future large studies.Moreover, ABCG2 SNPs was demonstrated not only related to TKI resistance, but also to TKI induced side effects. Cusatis and colleaguesinvestigated associations between allelic variants ofABCG2 with diarrhea and skin toxicity ingefitinib-treated patients. They found that 16 patients heterozygous forABCG2 421CA developed diarrhea, versus only 13 (12%) of 108 patients homozygous for the wild-type sequence. However, this SNP was not associated with skin toxicity (28). A recent study found that patientscarrying anABCG2 -15622 TT genotype or harboring at least one TT copy in theABCG2 (1143CT, -15622CT) haplotype developed significantly more grade 2/3 diarrhea (23). In our present study, we did not perform the analysis on side effects. However, this is a serious concern which should be taken into consideration in future studies.In Conclusion, Our findings demonstrat e a strong association between the ABCG2 34GA polymorphism and the overall survival of NSCLC patients treated with TKIs, including Gefitnib, Erlotinib and Icotinib. Since these polymorphisms can be assessed with a simple blood test, it might potentially improve the stratification of patients for TKI treatment by identifying genetically high-response subgroups. Therefore, larger prospective trials are warranted to validate these findings.A3The PCR reactions were performed in 20 l volumes on 384-well plates (cat. No. TF-0384/W, ABgene, USA) with 20 ng DNA, 10 pmol for each primer and 1 PCR-Buffer (Sequenom, San Diego, CA, USA).

International Relations: Western Centric Discipline

Inter realmal Relations horse opera Centric DisciplineIn examining whether IR is a westerly centric discipline, this essay provide firstly look into the significance of the occurrence that its central thinkers call for resided historically in Western countries. It argues that this has an burden on the issues considered relevant to IR, while it also durationncy that IR theory is grounded in a cultural and intellectual context that aggrandises the West, and Others the terce World. The essay second looks at the key ideas of Realism and Liberalism (the dominant traditions in the field) in all their forms, and explains how they derive from Western-centric presumptions. It thirdly examines the inherent Western-centrism of the Westphalian model in traditional IR.The majority of IR scholars run through come from core countries. Third World scholars take generally been excluded because research and debate take key out in specialist journals and academic associations, in English a nd in a dampicular language of IR. Financial scarcity in Southern academic institutions also affects Third World scholars ability to move (Tickner, 2003, pp. 296-301, 311, 324). This has an effect on the discipline overall as scholars atomic form 18 inevitably influenced by their surroundings, both in terms of their distinct academic settings fashioning them idea to particular frame call ons and terminologies and their concrete on the job(p) conditions. A scholar who e precise day witnesses phenomena such(prenominal) as poverty or war pass on undoubtedly fall differently upon reality and prioritise different issues in their research agendas than a scholar in the core. The latters material benefits as well as autonomy accorded by tenure can serve to separate them from the worlds critical assigns, enabling them in conjunction with a nonher(prenominal) academics to artificially construct boundaries to the field by dint of self-referential interaction, and to ignore analy tical categories and perspectives that do non sit with their worldviews. This can account for the marginalisation of the Third World in the study in IR (Tickner, 2003, pp. 300-311).Additionally, these Western IR scholars ar writing against a cultural backdrop that is Western-centric. It is often unverbalizedly assumed that world politics happens exclusively in the Northern hemisphere and the history regarded as important and relevant in popular discourse reflects this. For example the Holocaust takes a central position in Western historiography while colonial genocides, a routine feature of European expansion, be largely overlooked (Barkawi, 2006, pp. 334-343 Tickner, 2003, p. 307). This is interlinked with the popular and intellectual conception of the (particularly Anglo-American) West as a force for good in the world. WWII for instance is often portrayed as a battle of freedom against tyranny, in which the former supposedly came out victorious. This ignores that the principl e of self-determination outlined in the Atlantic Charter was solo intended by Western leaders to apply to Europeans the Allies were fighting the war in the far East largely for control over China, and the British unless granted India independence because of their realisation that it could no longer be held militarily (Barkawi, 2006, pp. 339-343). There be umteen examples of such double standards, which are symptomatic of the degrading view of the Orient (I use it here to mean the wider Third World) commonly held in the West (Said, 2003, pp. 1-12). This view was implicit within the writings of early progressive and cosmopolitan thinkers, upon which much young thinking is based. Kant, despite whizz of the three major revolutions of his time being the Haitian struggle against sla very(prenominal), omitted the aspiration of slaves for freedom from three major treatises on love for humanity, while Locke went as far as to justify the colonial seizing of grime from Indians. The mora l frame bring ins set out by such thinkers pee sinister implications for the loving institutions they inspired. If, for instance, Kants theories of international holy order were not really designed to foster unruffled coexistence, then Liberal institutionalism becomes senior high schoolly suspect. Axiomatic categories of international ethics and companionship are at that placefore to an extent rooted in concepts pertaining to imperialist and colonial perspectives (Grovogui, 2007, pp. 234-235 Locke, 1764, no page prone). As a result the Orient has been defined in Western discourse by what it supposedly lacks rationality, development, and civilisation in contrast with the West. The look of this dichotomy between the West and Others serves to falsely homogenise different regions, cultures, and histories analytically, thereby masking the complex nature of international reality and preventing nuanced analyses of phenomena in the Third World. This tyrannical and narrow view can be seen for example in mainstream Western explanations for violence in periphery states, which is express to derive from a lack of modern Western institutions (Barkawi, 2006, pp. 336-347 Tickner, 2003, pp. 311-315). These public attitudes have indubitably filtered into academia, and so claims to neutrality and objectivity among Western scholars are inevitably false, serving only to mask intellectual supposal and sympathies with the powerful, imperialist core (Agathangelou and Ling, 2004, p. 36 Barkawi, 2006, p. 344 Grovogui, 2007, pp. 232-237).Western-centrism can clearly be identified in the Liberal and Realist traditions of IR. Liberalism is informed by ethical principles, giving it a prescriptive agenda based on fostering peace and cooperation for mutual gain through international institutions. Yet these ethical principles are a product of Western intellectual histories, while the institutions at the core of their analyses, such as the UN, were founded, and are dominated, by Western powers (Barkawi, 2006, p. 331 Jervis, 1999, pp. 43-63 Powell, 1994, pp. 335-344). It can thus be said that Liberalism serves to rationalise Western hegemony by institutionalising and universalising Western laws, rules and ideas (Agathangelou, 2004, p. 31 Grovogui, 2007, pp. 235-236). Further than this however, these institutions can validly be accuse of growing in the interests of the West at the expense of the rest of the world. The fusion of Nations and limited government for instance were two institutions that served to uphold the interstate commercial administration. Liberals claim that this leads to corporate growth, which in turn generates prosperity. However, this ignores the pertinent criticism that it in fact may lead to prosperity solely for Western countries, thereby rendering the Third World economically dependent on an increasingly hegemonic Western order (Agathangelou, 2004, pp. 24-25 Tickner, 2003, p. 306). Realism on the other hand is Western-centric by op en admission. It regards Great powers as the most important objects of study because it claims that in an anarchicalal international system only they can account for switch and in modern times they have been concentrated in the West. The actions of the weak are regarded as marginal or derivative of those of the powerful (Agathangelou, 2004, p. 27 Barkawi, 2006, pp. 329-334 Tickner, 2003, pp. 300-301). Such an outlook however comes from an implicit prioritising of the security needs of the strong. Suggesting that only the Great powers have real agency means the weak, which make up the majority of the worlds population, are left out of the analysis altogether, and therefore their experiences and conundrums are disregarded. Further to a greater extent than(prenominal), the strong do what they will while the weak do what they must attitude rationalises and justifies Western attempts to dominate other countries, while also ignoring the fact that modern Southern movements do have the ability to fundamentally change world politics as is shown by Al-Qaeda and 9/11 (Agathangelou, 2004, p. 24 Barkawi, 2006, pp. 329-334, 352 Grovogui, 2007, p. 244 Tickner, 2003, p. 300).Traditional IR is intrinsically Western-centric. Its scope is everything that goes on between milkweed moreoverterfly states which are regarded as the primary actors to be analysed as opposed to within states. States being the basic units of analysis means that the international arena is regarded as anarchic containing no supreme body above the state level. This idea is known as the Westphalian model (Barkawi, 2002, pp. 111-112 Tickner, 2003, pp. 299, 309). Yet the condition of international anarchy po turn upd is one that only applies in some contexts. Weaker countries are in practice subordinate to more powerful Western countries making the international system effectively hierarchical. It can only be seen as otherwise from the eyes of those competing for control of it (Tickner, 2003, p. 309). This Westphalian model relies also on an idea of sovereign statehood which is applicable only to particular times and places principally the West (Barkawi, 2002, p. 110). In Africa for instance state borders are mostly artificial boundaries drawn up by the old colonial powers, with each national territory containing a variety of social, linguistic, ethnic and religious groups. Accepting the state as the foundation for analysis is the same as acknowledging the legitimacy of colonial territoriality and the institutional contemplation of colonialism. It also ignores the fact that m whatsoever states in Africa have been usurped of numerous of their functions by other bodies, such as armed militias, organic nationalist movements, and international businesses, making them not the central political actors in the region (Grovogui, 2007, p. 236 Tickner, 2003, pp. 315-316). Traditional IR ignores the relevance of community for study, as well as the relations between local anaesthetic p olitical and cultural groups, and therefore the constitution of states. It cannot comprehend, and therefore dismisses, the complex societal interactions that take place in the Third World (Barkawi, 2002, pp. 111-112 Tickner, 2003, pp. 309-310, 323).IR scholarship in new-fashioned years has attempted to overcome Western-centrism. Dependency theories for instance strove to break Third World economic and intellectual dependence on the core. Later Postpositivist theories adjudge the artificiality of the disciplines borders and the narrowness of its discourses. However these theories have shown limited success in this regard because they are all based on Western intellectual traditions and analytical frame reverses (Agathangelou, 2004, p. 28 Tickner, 2003, pp. 306, 324).It is apparent that IR is a Western-centric discipline. The fact that the vast majority of its scholars hail from the West has an inevitable distorting effect on academic study, in terms of the issues considered importa nt, the actors given attention, and the categories of Self and Others. These distortions all ultimately derive from Western intellectual tradition and popular and political discourse, which form the basis of the writers understandings and worldviews. There have been attempts in recent years to overcome these problems, but so long as the field of IR continues to be dominated by Westerners and excludes those born and raised in the Third World, it will remain Western-centric.Government Accountability sister agitateGovernment Accountability Child brayINTRODUCTIONIn this topic I have focussed on the Child churn problem in worst form in India, in India though Child Rights recognised and even many legislations passed to deal with the nestlingren rights but the churlren rights are continuously in one or other form profaned. The topic try to expose abuse of nipperren rights of those squirtren who are micturateing in waste clear places uniform mines, fire cypher industries and o ther inner (registered or unregistered small mines and quarries) and other sectors. In this topic I time-tested focus on the worst short letter that small fryren facing in the above sectors that the magnitude of the problem and conditions of the children are disclosed. The topic further discussed the role of the Government and Non political Organisations eradicating this social disorder.India continuously facing the child get problem, in India child labour is a socio, economic and political problem. As a developing nation India facing this problem and it is hampering the growth of the nation in many ways. Indias one of the main goals is to put end to child labour. There is a huge ontogeny in the marginalised groups in other terms short among poor is more or less vulnerable sections. And if we talk near child they are more vulnerable, childhood of these exploited sections are wiped, these tender buds are muscled to take burden of unwanted. Childs are many ways are exploitin g wish child trafficking, child prostitution, and child labour and child slavery. India is the example for the child labour curse. Since independence, India has dedicated itself to be against child labour. Article 24 of the Indian constitution clearly states, No child below the age of fourteen years shall be employed to work in any manufacturing plant or mine or employed in any hazardous employment1. Article 39(e) directs State policy such that the health and strength of the workers and the tender age of children are not forced by economic necessity to enter avocations unsuited to their age or strength2. These two Articles illustrates that India has constantly had goals of taking concern of its children and ensuring the protection of workers. In regard to child labour the Indian government enacted the Child Labour Act in 1986. The purpose of this act is to prohibit the employment of children who have not completed their fourteenth year in specified hazardous occupations and process es3.Children life is miserable under fourteen who has to earn for their families and they have to work with great pain for little amount. meagreness and illiteracy are main causes in these segregated sections causing exploitation. Families who are below poverty line do not have think about the any other issue of the society rather to how the day will go on every day. The governments have taken measures but they are absent in implementation, there is a huge resentment in the civil society the application levels are very low in developing countries and they everlastingly try to escape in one or other ways give their answerableness to international Agencies. India as signatory of international covenants trying to tone up to its local and national laws to eradicate the problem. India is signatory to ILO forced labour concourse, ILO abolition of forced labour convention and UN convention of the right of the child. As per the International labour organisation report 12.6 million4c hildren are working in different sectors in India as per the census data on the child labour. NGOs and other social activist working unusually to bring consciousness in the society. Many activities holding awareness programmes in the society trying pull out the society from the plague of child labour. Judiciary also taking very stringent stand over the child labour issues. International covenant on convention on rights of the child recognises that children should be having special care and assistance to grow. Not only is that committee on the rights of the child the body of experts who monitors the implementation of convention by the state parties. The child must be spruced well in the decisive years of his life. He must receive education, acquire knowledge of man and materials and rash in such an atmosphere that on reaching age, he is found to be a man with a mission, a man who matters so for as the society is come to.The child rights violated in the form of child slavery or bo nded labour, child trafficking, child prostitution and pornography, child soldiers, domestic child servants, hazardous child labour. As the topic mainly dealing with child labour, the children are exploiting as labour in mainly following categories field of work burnish agricultural labour briskstock, forestry, fishing, plantation mining and tap manufacturing, bear on, servicing and repairs construction trade and commerce transport, storage, and communication and other services. Not only the above categories children used as labour, children are used to manufacturing explosives like making matches, crackers, gem polishing, paper bag making, manufacturing sport goods, handicrafts, carpet weaving, gas stations, silk cultivation, glass and brass manufacturing, leather flagellation etc, these are the examples of worst form of child labouring these all are some examples that we can understand that in many forms child can be abused and his rights are violated in everyday life. The to pic mainly enlightening on child labour who works in mining and quarrying and Agriculture sectors in hazardous and other informal industries.Historical background of child labour laws in IndiaBefore discussing further lets summarise the child labour laws and change in the course of developing nation. Any child under the age specified by law worldwide works full time, mentally or physiologically to earn for own survival or adding to family income, that interrupts childs social development and education is called child labour. After set up of the International Labour Organisation, in 1919 under the League of Nations there is clear consciousness to set up international guidelines by which the employment of children under a genuine age could be regulated in industrial undertakings. And suggested a minimum age of 12 be to work. British India adopted the same Sir Thomas Holland had introduced in the legislative assembly. Though there were many furores by the atoms, it is the starting o f the recognition of child care at work. We can say that the International Labour Organisation is contend a vital role in eradicating the child labour from industrial exploitation. A Royal counseling on Labour came to be established in 1929 to inquire into various matters relating to labour in this country. The report came to be finalised in 1931. It brought to light many inequities and shocking conditions under which children worked. The Commission had examined to conditions of child labour in different industries and had found that children had been obliged to work any number of hours per day as required by their masters. It was also found that they were subject to corporal punishment. The Commission had felt great concern at the placing of children by parents to employers in return for small sums of money and as this system was found to be indefensible it recommended that any bond placing a child should be regarded as void. The recommendations of the Commission came to be discu ssed in the Legislative Assembly and the Children (Pleading of Labour) Act, 1933 came to be passed, which may be said to be the first statutory enactment dealing with child labour. Many statutes came to be passed thereafter. As on today, the following legislative enactments are in force prohibiting through various provisions of employment of child labours in different occupations.Factories Act, 1948 prohibit that no child under the age 14 allowed to work in factories. plantation of Labour Act, 1951 prohibits children under the age 12 in the field of plantation. Merchant shipping Act, 1951 disallows who under age fifteen to carried or engaged to sea to work in any ship though there are some exemptions for who carrying family business and sign of the zodiac trade with some restrictions. Mines Act, 1952 in this act prohibits any child to take part in any mining operations there is total ban on child to take work in the mines in below the grounds or in open cast work. Motor Transport workers Act, 1961 bars no child be allowed to take any work in motor transport undertakings. Apprentice Act, 1961 prescribes the qualification to become apprentice that person shall not qualify unless he crosses the age fourteen. Beedi and Cigar Workers (Conditions of Employment) Act, 1966 prohibits of employment in the concerned industries. Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986. (Act 61 of 1986). These regulations clearly show that legislatives have firmly considered necessary prohibition on Child labour. Though strong legislations in India there are many loopholes and ineffective administration governance who splitting the wound continuously. Children rights are open to abuse in social, economic and political background of the society. finish up form of child labour some IllustrationsIn many industries have been in the process of exploitation like match and firework industries, glass and bauble industries, stone quarrying industries etc., There are no registration industries who dealing with these kind of work in such places high hazardous situations where children were to take work quarries cutting stones brushing them loading and unloading not even shelters to take rest in all the seasons they have to work for more than 6 to 8 hours daily for meagre amount. Many diseases they have to face like bronchitis, lung and respiratory problems. The children are, as bonded labours have to work for little money or for sake of their family earnings.Child labour mostly exploited by informal industries like small mining and quarrying industries, here the large range of work activities and practices take place, like excavating, cutting, panning, processing, breaking, blending, carrying, transporting and marketing. Here one illustration is important to give that how the child workers are working and how they are in miserable conditions. That is in Sivakasi, Tamilnadu state, India it is known as home of Match and firework industries. The region is mostly lo cated with these industries. There are around more than 450 match and firework manufacturers are located. But the exact number of child workers in this industry is difficult to work, but as per the official report Office of the Registrar General, District Profile 1991- Tamil Nadu (1991) more than cardinal thousand child between ages six to fourteen in these manufacturing units5. But some other sources and social activists opine the number is much more than the statistics report. Children had had to work in dangerous and hazardous units many Non Governmental Organisations, media, and labour unions continuously drawing attention of the same to government and Merchant association. But their efforts put in to vain in many ways due to negligible administrative political science, under the power politics of Merchants association. Due to fire accidents in these industries damage is very horrible in reported news in one accident 23 children were born alive. There are many shivering and ter rified incidents took place in these mining industries. Human right activist and Advocate Sri M.C. Mehta filed a writ petition in the irresponsible Court of India vide W.P.465/19866the Supreme greet said that this is the example of worst offender who violating the prohibition of employing child in hazardous industries. Court constituted a committee for analyse and recommendations after considering the recommendations of the committee speak to directed that employment of children in match and firework factories is shall not be permitted. Children who are working in hazardous employment is violated the spirit of the constitution. The Supreme Court directed that the children employed in the match factories for packing purposes must work in separate premises for packing. Employers should not be permitted to take work from the children for more than six hours a day. The employers and State Govt. should provide proper transport facilities for travelling of the children from their homes to their work places and back. Facilities for recreation, socialisation and education should be provided either in the factory or close to the factory. Employers should make arrangements for providing basic nutritions for the children and in case they fail to do so, the Government may be directed to provide for basic diet one meal a day programme of the State of Tamilnadu for aim children may be extended to the child worker. A National Commission for childrens benefit should be set up to prepare a scheme for child labour abolition in a phased manner. Such a Commission should be to this Honble Court directly and should report to this Honble Court at periodical intervals about the progress.The court decision quite surprising one many other issues that not dealt in this case when there is clear prohibition court try to segregate work in to two different sectors like packaging and processing and working child allowed to packaging section difficult to understand the court view. The most difficult side of these decisions is that they did not afford relief for children employed outback(a) of the enumerated hazardous industriesBut it show that how the miserable situations the child worker face reflects. The root cause is very simple but very strong one extreme poor condition of the families of those children, more than 75 percentage families eking their livelihood in those groups of society. These people exposed to extreme hazardous conditions no adequate measurements will take place even the prescribed laws are there. Violations are common, health conditions of the children are neglected every minute and day. Though there are many issues have to deal this is the first step towards protection of the child labour rights.This is only one situation where brought in to light where in many other industries like mines, quarrying, glass and bangle etc like many informal industries means non registered industries, are exploiting the childhood of the nation which is into lerable.In quarrying industries child labour situation is unjustifiable and inhuman small children between age 6 to 14 who are working where there is no monitoring and census record shows of their exploitation but it is true that they are openly curbing the child rights every day. Child labour in the quarrying industries works for more than 10 hours a day they are used to cut the stones in different sizes, load and unload the stones. Children are illegally forced to mining works, the mining contractors engage them in digging, breaking stones, filtering, load and unload, dumping, transporting, and processing activities. In squeeze ore mining child labour used to make a basin of iron ore child has to peter and fill one basin of ore hardly he earns three pence in a day a child makes 5 to t basin of iron ore earning below 50 pence a day. Every iron basin the child filled up tells the story the magnitude of the problem that they are facing. In these industries very less or no safety eq uipments and no prescribed pay system even. In the working areas are always open to susceptible to accidents, injuries, and continuing mining leads to severe health problems. Children who engaged in granite industries faces the similar problem they used for collecting kerosene from mine tailing and in the washer pits from their plain hands handling toxic waste. In other hand the contractors, mine owners, traders and all other merchandisers escaping from the accountability easily though they are blatantly violating the child labour laws. The shift to privatisation and open market economy after Indias new economic policies has led to pushing women and children into the informal labour force, especially in sectors like mining where deregulation of laws for attracting foreign direct investment and private investments have led to mechanisation and retrenchment of workers and have diluted the legal protections towards labourers and marginalized sections. This calls for urgent investigat ion of all the mines in the country. Hospet-Bellary mining industry in Karnataka is the example of such conditions 3 big mines ranging over 83 hectors, and 6 big mines in bellary regions and 37 other mines spread over the region. These mines excavate iron ore, manganese, gold, quartz, granite and decorative stones. Fact finding team who reported about the child labour violations is shocking dishonourable to the nation. In these mines Activity takes place with drawing out the ore, breaking the raw ore rocks into small stones and shingles and into fine powder. The mining area has vast extraction site stretching in acres. These areas consist of extraction sites, stone crushing units, stockyards, dump yards, weighing and permit yards, motor vehicle yards, and wagon laoding points across the railway line. These mines in Bellary district are on the hills stretching almost 180 km. The labour that works are migrant workers and mostly form Scheduled cast (Dalits) and tribes these poor labou r were engaged by middle persons to work in the mines. In these mines to work the whole family of the poor labour migrates and whole family except old live at work place and work in the mines. In the work area again child labour divided girl labour work with women in breaking the ore into stones. When a heap of lumps is gathered girl children take them to process sieving the lump into iron ore powder. If a boy labour then he goes with men digging and loading and unloading work. And the wages depends on the child labour capability. In these mining areas labour are mostly woman and children more than half of the labour these sections only works. This situation is not only the iron ore mines, in the District Bellary and Hose pet and its surrounding areas children are engaged in granite mines. In these mines kerosene is used to cut the granite and children are used to constrict and strain kerosene tanks and children have to spend hours together dipped their waist in the kerosene tanks. How bizarre to hear and hazardous but this is the daily routine life for them who working in the granite mines in Hosepet, Bellary, Karnataka. From the surround villages of these mines children brought to work, some go to school and some dont, some children who are the sole earners for their families who used to work in the mines. Children are usually got in to expose to accidents and health problems apart from that the children are at high risk to trafficking and awakenual harassment. Usually the mines are open cast form and children labour have to work open without any shelter whatsoever the weather may be, they do not use any safety equipments, even no drinking water facilities available all the labour have to walk a stretch of 2 to 5 kms. No toilets are provided woman and young children has to do their natural calls openly in humiliation conditions. Conditions in the mines are so pathetic, even after the work to wash or bath there is no water facility, and more over labour hav e to eat with their dirty hands, though the open site dust falls in their vessels. The mine sites are with full of mosquitoes and insects where the children and woman stay and live. Due dirty and polluted atmosphere children and people who working in the mines usually get sick, while due to meagre amount of wages labour reluctant to go for medication, due to this mining labour developing chronic illness like tuberculosis, siliceous, cancer, respiratory problems and other disorders they are effecting from. These labour work as casual labours and as a curse they cannot use public health services, and they have to go private doctors treatment, and there wages go for medicines and only for temporary relief. These are the gracious conditions of the child labour in the mines industries, traders, owners of these mines very rarely respond on any severe issues raised on. Children rights are apparently abusing by these industries with no accountability and irresponsible authorities allevia teless with inadequate infrastructure. Many social activists and NGOs like HAQ7(means right in Urdu) ( centre for child rights), Bachpan Bachao Andolan (Save the child movement)8organisations, M.V. Foundation a voluntary organisation, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, reacted and have taken some initiations to bring out the truth of the child labour conditions in these mines, and submitted report to Karnataka government, acting upon the report Government of Karnataka appointed high level of committee for recommendations. My main concern about the child labour and abuse of their rights, though there are many Acts and regulations land Apex court directions regarding the Child labour, like Mines Act, 1952 prohibits totally children to take any form of work who are below fourteen years. Who are to be blamed for the cycle of exploitation of women and child labour the society, the government, implementation body, parents, judiciary, traders, media we have to move forward in the civilisation soc iety, we have to take collective responsibility, and try to correct every part of the section of society and with the cooperation with each of the institution we have to up lift the children rights. Its now nations duty to eradicate child labour abuses in all forms the above are only the worst form of abuse the child labour rights. In many other organised and unorganised, formal and informal, registered and unregistered industries these rights of children are violated every day.Agriculture sector is where child rights abused extensively, Agriculture is the main source in Indian economy, and in this field child labour is in the form of boned labour. Bonded labour in the farm sector arise when people who do not have any source of land to tame or those tenant farmers or small farmers takes loan from the landlords or other sources in return they offer their labour else their children as bonded labour until paid off. Who are considered to be in training to become adult bonded labourers, graze cattle and assist bonded adults. This system is widespread throughout the central India and south India. Bonded children are sometimes subjected to physical punishment and suffer from a high incidence of severe malnutrition, vitamin deficiency, anaemia, tuberculosis, and skin and parasitic diseases. They have no time for either leisure or education over 90 percent of bonded labourers in India, many of whom became bonded as children, have never had the opportunity to go to school.Children working in Zari (embroidery work on dresses) Industries in Delhi, Delhi as National capital it are destination and transit point for the traffickers. Children from the different places from other States trafficked here for exploitation, they are converted as sex workers or labour in domestic works and zari industries. Fashion and export make Delhi an important business hub. Due to demand of the work contractors engage children as cheap labour to get more marginal benefit. Traffickers lure po or families promising for good earning to send children. Nearby villages people send their children for work attracting by agents. Children are forced to work long hours as up to 20 hours a stretch despite the consequences of their age and ability and of course with total ignoring of their physical and mental requirements. If they refuse to work they were beaten up badly. While working in the embroidery children every so often cut their fingers very badly. They have to work in confined rooms, and at last children paid only 30 rupees a week (around 40 pence). And some children are trafficked to brick kilns where they have to work with adults making bricks. The families who effected with trafficking are mostly Muslim minorities. Social activists and child right defenders many times rescued these children but many times these children are re-trafficked.Developing countries always struggle with inadequate economic growth child labour is one of the results due to inadequate economic grow th. In one spirit economic development, poverty and child labour are interlinked with each other. As a developing country child labour problem haunting India but this problem is not much is to eradicate in concern with economic growth policies. India must do more to combat child labour, primarily if the causes of child labour include caste discrimination, little or no educational opportunities forYoung people and misconceptions about childrens work. Children working in the hidden sectors, particularly those in domestic work and prostitution, have become vulnerable to sexual abuse. This makes them more susceptible to unwanted pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseases including HIV/AIDS9.Active lodge Cooperation of NGOs like Bachpan Bachao Andolan (save the child), Haq centre for the right of the child, international programme of elimination of child labour(IPEC), Global march against child labour, UNICEF India, M.V. Foundation, social activists, human right activists are remark ably working towards eradication of child labour problem. Many organisations working on child rights, they are focussed mainly in the tribal and urban informal child labours, and marginalised labour. Educating not only children their families, mobilising them to understand and bring awareness on their rights, exploitation. Social organisations try to bring fact findings of like situations in light and where enforcement authorities fail to do so, even after many fact finding reports submitted to concern administrative authorities if fail to take actions, bringing the inaction of those authorities filing public interest litigation in Supreme Court of India.Government roleIndia as large democratic country and as member of United Nation Committed to eradicate all social evils which violates Human Rights. And as party to International covenants and one of the main member of International Labour Organisation, as developing country India has many millennium Goals. Committee on the Rights o f the Child (CRC) is an international monitoring body monitors implementation of the convention on the rights of the child by state parties. Under this convention every state party has to submit their periodical report to the committee. 53rd session of the committee of right of the child will be help in Geneva January 2010. India as a developing nation and high birth rates and population child labour problem is identified as Socio, Economic and political problem and it is linked with poverty and illiteracy inextricably. Gurupadaswamy Committee10is the first committee on child labour problem constituted in way back 1974, the committee have suggested many recommendations to the government. The committee rightly opined that as long as the poverty and illiteracy continues in the society it is very hard to eradicate the child labour problem. On base of the recommendations of the committee The child labour (prohibition and regulation) Act, 1986 was enacted. The Act prohibits employment of children in certain specified hazardous occupations and processes and regulates the working conditions in others. To deal with the child labour problem Government of India has taken National Child Labour Projects11these projects are the main rehabilitation schemes for the child labour. The main concept of the project is to open at district level rehabilitation centres and schools through National project societies for the child labour. In these centres make available to children with vocational training, providing supplementary nutrition and non formal education, providing health care through trained doctors. Children are withdrawn from work and mainstreamed to schools. With the help of international programme of elimination of child labour programme an organisation of international labour organisation the main objectives of the programme to mobilising the society and bringing the awareness in the society in the process of elimination of child labour. The Ministry of Labour, Govern ment of India and US, Deptt. Of Labour have developed a project under ILO-IPEC for Prevention settlement of Child Labour in identified Hazardous Sectors12. The main objectives of these projects is to identify the children who are working in hazardous employment, it also insists a detailed aspect to be conducted to identify these children. The second aim is those identified children from the age group 8-14 working in hazardous employment withdrawing them from the such employment and providing them rehabilitation facilities and education. These projects not only encourage children to withdraw from employment, these projects recognise the family of the dependent children and assure to provide viable income sources. These projects also insist social education and awareness programmes. In the tribal areas Government of India started Girijana Vikas Kendras and Vidya Vikas Kendras these institutions educate and mobilise them to eradicate child labour. The right of children to Free and haughty education Act, 2009, is enacted by the parliament of India amending the constitution of India, inserting Article 21-A, providing free and compulsory education for the children off age group 6 to 14 as Fundamental Right. Not only that it provides specific reservation in private schools 25% seats for poor families, without any hassle.ConclusionsThus child labour is still a burning problem in India and we must be ready and, more importantly, willing to combat this evil which is spreading its wings larger day by day. However, the government is trying but without the concern of the people, this problem cannot be eradicated. The late conducted surveys are decisive that laws enforcements leaves lot to be desired. On the other hand if a child or his/her parents are unaware of the rights they are privileged with, it makes the task harder. If the family is poor and illiteracy resides in the houses, it becomes a very difficult matter, if not impossible, to eradicate this problem solel y by the government itself. Therefore, if the society and the government work together hand in hand, it would be an able effort to regulate and eradicate this problem from our country and make it a better country of our dream. The Latin Maxim boni judicis est ampliare juridictionem(meaning law must keep pace with the society to retain its relevance, for if the society moves but law remains static, it shall be had for both. ) must be followed practically. Children are our assets. The common people should consider this quote and the

Applications of Counselling Psychology

Applications of Counselling PsychologyCase Study D Psychodynamic FormulationPete is a 34 twelvemonth old male, self-referred to therapy due to his recently developed fear of dogs that is disrupting his work and social career. He also feels distressed by his recent separation from his partner Sarah, which he attributes to job promotions and extra work responsibilities. Pete appears to be consuming large amounts of alcoholic drink on a daily basis and has become solitary in an endeavour to manage his feelings of low mood, hopelessness and fear. Based on developmental theories (Freud 1905, Erikson 1950, Bowlby,1969), research suggests thats individuals are deeply influenced by physical and emotional experiences, as well as the emotional atmosphere they are exposed to in early life (Kegerreis, 2010). Consequently, the most beneficial orientation to help explain and overcome Petes obstacles would be from a psychodynamic approach. This is a suitable orientation for this client as it ad dresses the past influences on Petes current fears and anxieties.Further background information, reveals Pete is the youngest of two siblings and has neer suffered from phobic episodes or holds history of any previous mental instability. Importantly, Pete rec solelys parental tension and conflict by means ofout his puerility up until his parents divorced when he was older 11 and also expresses a divide between himself and his father caused by family tension, which is still relevant today (See Kalmijn, 2013). Most significantly, Pete recalls a particular memory from his childhood in which he spent a uncomfortable weekend at his fathers home and only gained comfort through spending time with his fathers Alsatian dog.Based on the underlying influence of past events throughout Petes childhood, the preferred psychotherapeutic orientation for this clients clinical formulation would be establish on a psychodynamic theoretical perspective. This psychodynamic formulation acknowledges tha t it is through predisposing factors that Pete may be experiencing an underlying unconscious fear of kind breakdown. A fear that is precipitated by both conscious and unconscious thoughts and feelings that stem from his childhood and are increase levels of anxieties regarding his relationship breakdown with wife Sarah. It is reasonable to anticipate that the current trouble between himself and his wife, thought to be caused by extra work responsibilities, has resurfaced these childhood memories consequently triggering his new found phobia of dogs. As this is a completely new phobia it can be suggested that it is actually a displaced fear based on experiences within his past and further perpetuated by memories of his parents failed relationship.Freud (1915) believed that all human behaviour has a significant meaningful and motivated purpose in which anxieties and fears are very often connected with a combination of apart(p) feelings from the past. Often these feelings from childho od become repressed and proceed to manifest themselves as other negative symptoms in adulthood. Seemingly obscure behaviours, such as Petes recently developed fear of dogs, can attempt to be explained by unconscious motivations from which hidden meanings can be interpreted and it is reasonable to presume that the sign fear of which Pete has sort help for was triggered by feelings of anxiety and stress brought on by his increased employability responsibility and the impact this had on his current martial relationship. However, Petes fear of dogs is not the leading concern and there appears to be one central pervasive issue underlying the current problems in Petes life which can be traced back through his personal history. Reinforced through the use of Malans (1995) Triangle of persons as a means of relating transference matters between Client and therapist, it can be observed that Pete possesses a main underlying fear of relationship breakdown which has manifested itself as a displa ced fear of dogs, subsequently based on Petes childhood memories, lack of relationship with his father and feeling towards him as the main antagonist in his parents failed relationship.Supported by research (Cui Fincham, 2010), it appears that Pete is incline to possess such fears due to influential events in his childhood, mainly the breakdown of his parents relationship and the tensions and conflicts this created as a result, further reinforced by his mothers recalled negative view that marriages never work.. they just end in hurt. In an unconscious attempt to resolve these problems and alleviate symptoms of anxiety Pete has begun utilising the consumption of alcohol in an attempt to remain in control over his life. However this behaviour is in fact maintaining and reinforcing Petes problemsand a basic principle of the Psychodynamic sticker proposes that internal unresolved conflicts derived from early childhood development tend to repeat themselves in adult relationships if no t resolved. These maladaptive behaviours are further perpetuating his current problems and increasing Petes fear and belief that this relationship breakdown is out of his control and the past will indefinitely repeat itself.As based on the precept that an individuals behaviours and cognitions are influenced by unconscious thought processes and emotions from within the clients past , it is suggested that analytic thinking would be the most beneficial treatment. The classical technique of psychoanalysis is based on conflict theory (Erikson 1950) and places emphasis on both the past and present with the aim of making the unconscious conscious. It is also widely storied for its ability to help clients develop insight into the cause of deep-rooted problems that stem from childhood through the exploration and clarification of the clients expressed thoughts and feelings (Compton, 1990).In this way Pete is encouraged to engage in free association and express any thoughts that arise duri ng the session. This allows the therapist to try and reveal the unconscious thoughts and memories possessed by the Pete, in order to puddle sense of the origins of the problem Throughout the sessions Pete will also be encouraged to engage in transference and transfer feelings he has towards important people in his life, such as his parents onto the therapist as a means of understanding the influential relationships within his life (Freud, 1914). In order to represent the interactions between these elements diagrams shown in Figure 1 an 2 (See Appendices) will be utilised (Malan, 1979,1995). It is generally proposed that Pete would attend around 4 sessions a week in order to entrust a setting to explore these unconscious patterns, and try to make sense of them solely concentrated on the achievement of a cathartic experience through analysis.AppendicesFigure 1. Triangle of Persons (Malan, 1995)Figure2. Triangle of Conflict (Malan, 1979)ReferencesAuld, F., Hyman, M. (1991). Resoluti on of inner conflict An introduction to psychoanalytic therapy. Washington, DC American Psychological Association.Bowlby J. (1969).Attachment. Attachment and loss Vol. 1. Loss.New York base Books.Compton, A. (1990). Psychoanalytic process. Psychoanalytic Quarterly, 59, 585-598.Cui, M., Fincham, F. D. (2010). The differential effects of parental divorce and marital conflict on young adult romantic relationships.Personal Relationships,17(3), 331-343.Erikson, E. H. (1950).Childhood and Society. New York Norton.Freud, S. (1914), Repeating, Remembering and working(a) Through, Standard Edition, 12147-56.Freud, S. (1905).Three essays on the theory of sexuality. Se, 7.Freud, S. (1984a).The unconscious. In A. Richards (Ed.),The Pelican Freud library Vol. 11. On metapsychology The theory of psychoanalysis (pp. 159222). Harmondsworth Penguin. (Original work published 1915)Kalmijn, M. (2013). Long-term effects of divorce on parentchild relationships Within-family comparisons of fathers and m others.European sociological review,29(5), 888-898.Kegerreis, S. (2010).Psychodynamic Counselling with Children and Young People An Introduction. Palgrave Macmillan.Malan, D. H. (1979).Individual psychotherapy and the science of psychodynamics. London Butterworths.Malan,D. H(1995).Individual psychotherapy and the science of psychodynamics(2nd ed). OxfordButterworth-Heinemann.

Why Is Vatican Ii So Significant In The Modern Church? :: essays research papers fc

Why is Vatican II so Significant in the Modern Church?INTRODUCTION VATICAN IIVatican II was the 21st ecumenical council recognized by the Roman Catholicchurch, which became the symbol of the churchs openness to the modern world.The council was announced by Pope John twenty-three on January 25, 1959, and held 178meetings in the autumn of each of four successive years. The first gathering wason October 11, 1962, and the last on December 8, 1965. Of 2908 bishops and differents eligible to attend, 2540 from all split of the world participated in theopening meeting. The U.S. delegation of 241 members was second in size only tothat of Italy. Asian and African bishops played a prominent role in thecouncils deliberations. Only Communist nations were sparsely represented, theresult of government pressures. The average attendance at the meetings was 2200.ESSAY     Vatican II, as we can clearly see from the above information, was a verylarge and important meeting in the Ro man Catholic Church. Vatican II has alteredthe Roman Catholic Church more that any other council that took roam. It hasgreat significance as it made the church more reasonable and realistic. TheChurch, after the council, was much more down-to-earth and open-minded.     One of Vatican IIs diversenesss that took place was that Mass becamevernacular. This change was very important because it made people feel more at apersonal level when mass was held seeing as though the priest was speaking theirlanguage. It made them feel more at home and increased their understanding andability to respond.     Another very major and important change that took place due to VaticanII was the relationship with the Church and the world. "The Church is a humanorganization steered by the Holy Spirit and composed of the gifts and talents ofits members. It is acknowledged that at this fourth dimension the Church community has notyet reached its highest potentia l and is faced with the limitations and of humanshortcomings and temporal constrictions. With an understanding of its abilitiesand its boundaries, the Church seeks to work with the world community to come nestled to the life to which God calls the world." As this quote from one of theDocuments in Vatican II states, the Church need have a relationship with the"outside world" as the Church itself is comprised of humans. And that theChurch having a good relationship with the outside world is necessary for theChurch to reach its highest potential.     These are some of the changes that took place in Vatican II and naming

Ligers Informative Speech -- Tiger Lion Breeding Animals Essays

Ligers Informative Speech The clip you further saw is from the popular movie Napoleon Dynamite. Many of you have probably seen it before but I bet you never thought about any of it as being factual, did you? Well, even though the description was a bit off, ligers actually do exist. According to Encyclopedia Americana, ligers are a hybrid cross surrounded by a male lion and a female tiger (also know as a tigress). It is nearly impossible for them to exist in the wild because or so lions live in Africa and most tigers live in Asia, however under the right circumstances they can be bred. In most cases the tiger and the lion must be raised together to overcome any vivid enmity between their species, however ligers have also been accidental. In China a few were produced artificially as experiments, but most often they return as accidents among captive animals in zoos or roaming in safari parks. Deliberate crossbreeding is prohibited in most zoos, though. In 2001 three liger cubs were born in a zoo right here in Wisconsin. For space reasons keepers put a lion and a tiger in the same enclosure and adept day they found three tiny cubs. Liger cubs don?t usually hold off like their father. They have striped like their tiger mother, but are lighter in color. As they get older their stripes will fade. genteelness liger cubs is difficult because no one ever knows if the parents will recognize the liger cubs as their own, and also it is difficult for them to survive on their own. According to Hybrid B... Ligers Informative Speech -- Tiger Lion Breeding Animals EssaysLigers Informative Speech The clip you just saw is from the popular movie Napoleon Dynamite. Many of you have probably seen it before but I bet you never thought about any of it as being factual, did you? Well, even though the description was a bit off, ligers really do exist. According to Encyclopedia Americana, ligers are a hybrid cross between a male lion and a female tiger (also k nown as a tigress). It is nearly impossible for them to exist in the wild because most lions live in Africa and most tigers live in Asia, however under the right circumstances they can be bred. In most cases the tiger and the lion must be raised together to overcome any natural enmity between their species, however ligers have also been accidental. In China a few were produced artificially as experiments, but most often they occur as accidents among captive animals in zoos or roaming in safari parks. Deliberate hybridization is prohibited in most zoos, though. In 2001 three liger cubs were born in a zoo right here in Wisconsin. For space reasons keepers put a lion and a tiger in the same enclosure and one day they found three tiny cubs. Liger cubs don?t usually look like their father. They have striped like their tiger mother, but are lighter in color. As they get older their stripes will fade. Raising liger cubs is difficult because no one ever knows if the parents will recognize t he liger cubs as their own, and also it is difficult for them to survive on their own. According to Hybrid B...